Barriers to the effective use of technology in education

Top of the list is digital literacy (JISC, 2011). Students are only the most important of three key groups which also includes parents and educators, in that order of importance (Fleming, 2011). Young students are digital natives, born into a post-internet culture supersaturated with digital content which they navigate skillfully with a range of devices and applications (Prensky, 2001). 

Given that the first really successful home PC - the Commodore 64 - was released in 1982 (Computer History Museum, 2006), it’s only 30 years since the advent of mass digital culture. It could be argued that many parents and educators have witnessed, though barely participated in, this paradigmatic shift.  

Thus we are left with a significant disparity in digital literacy; a Tech skills shortage in two of the three key groups involved in education. 

Take Twitter. The majority of schools and colleges tweet regularly from a number of their departments but it’s equally hard to find one where the proportion of parents, and indeed colleagues, following the tweets exceeds those that don’t know how to(Britland, 2012). Many lack even the confidence to acquire such soft Tech skills. 

Consider more specialist EdTech. A typical interactive whiteboard costs £1500.00, that’s without the desktop and projector needed to run and display it. A sound investment with the potential to reinvigorate teaching and learning across a range of disciplines. But if the educator does not know how, or refuses, to operate it then it’s no better than an expensive blackboard. 

Even if the colleague does know how to use their Promethean(Go Education, 2014), the work and effort required to create and adapt learning resources, often built up over decades, is so daunting as to almost defeat the motivation to attempt it. Without the time to assemble suitable content - a rare commodity in busy teaching and research faculties - the potential of the technology goes completely unrealised (Casal and Nielsen, 2014).   

It’s not just expertise that presents a barrier to digital literacy; as always in modern capitalist societies, scarcity economics plays its invidious role. For example, fully one fifth of secondary school pupils are eligible for pupil premium funding which is meant to correct economic disparity, including the lack of digital capital (Lord, Easby and Evans, 2013). 

In practice, this rarely happens as schools chase targets using measurable strategies such as data-tracking and intervention to justify pupil premium expenditure. It’s just too difficult, and therefore risky, to track the impact of buying an impoverished child an iPad. Without home access to WiFi and a tablet, or similar device, to use the internet, the individual is subject to the huge limitation of digital illiteracy(Lord, Easby and Evans, 2013). 

In HE, funding is available for digital equipment for students who can prove learning needs, such as dyslexia (Gov.uk, 2014), but what hardship funding there is cannot correct the digital impoverishment suffered by one tenth of students. For technology in education to be effective, it must be effective for everyone. Tackling digital illiteracy ought to be the first priority(Lord, Easby and Evans, 2013). 

Britland, M., 2012. Social media for schools: a guide to twitter, facebook and pinterest. Guardian.co.uk  Teacher network Teachers blog. [blog]  26 July. Available at:<  http://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2012/jul/26/social-media-teacher-guide> [Accessed 07 December 2014].

Casal, C. and Nielsen, L., 2014. Fear is not an option when it comes to social media in schools: The Casal Operating System [blog] 24 September. Available at: <http://thecasalos.blogspot.co.uk/2014/09/fear-is-not-option-when-it-comes-to.html> [Accessed 07 December 2014]

Computer History Museum, 2006. Timeline of computer history. [online] Available at: < http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=cmptr#top> [Accessed 07 December 2014]

Fleming, R., 2011. The 5 factors which affect school performance. The Education blog [online]24 July, Available at< http://blogs.msdn.com/b/education/archive/2011/07/25/the-5-factors-which-affect-school-performance.aspx> [Accessed 05 December 2014].

Go Education, 2014. Promethean ActivBoard 378 PRO 78". [online] Available at:

 http://www.goeducation.co.uk/Promethean-ActivBoard-378-PRO-p/IWB-PRO-AB378Pro.htm?gclid=CjwKEAiAt4mlBRDXwt_m9ICU4DcSJAAS_X0WhiR5K8SAZ7yem7wdjUm30gObKpD1o1r_JJQUzlC18hoCo9Tw_wcB [Accessed 07 December 2014]

Gov.uk, 2014. Diabled Students Allowances (DSAs). [online] Available at:< https://www.gov.uk/disabled-students-allowances-dsas/what-youll-get> [Accessed 07 December 2014].

JISC, 2011. Digital literacy.Cardiff University [online] Available at :< http://digidol.cardiff.ac.uk/information-literacy/> [Accessed 07 December 2014]

Lord, A., Easby, J., and Evans, H. 2013. Pupils not claiming Free School Meals. Research Report [pdf] London: Department for Education. Available at:< https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/266339/DFE-RR319.pdf>[Accessed 7 December 2014]

Prensky, M., 2001. Digital natives, digital immigrants.[pdf] On the Horizon. MCB University Press, 9(5).Available at: < http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf>[Accessed 07 December 2014]

The value of mobile technology in teaching and learning

It could be argued that the use, and misuse, of EdTech varies considerably between individual educators and the institutions they work in (Henderson, 2014).  

At an institutional level, the particular mix of learning management systems, data-shows, interactive whiteboards, student voting systems,   and so on, will be pretty much unique; a solute arrived at after a concoction of (in)expertise, leadership predilections and digital trends has been boiled dry by the bunsen burner of budgetary constraints. It may or may not have a positive impact on students’ learning.  

This kind of heterogeneity is inevitable; the EdTech experience of any individual student is pure happenstance. Ironically, it could be argued that, where we do see more digital homogeneity is not in specialist education technology but in the devices chosen and used by student population itself; their mobile Tech. Here, there exist rich possibilities to nurture inclusive learning communities and to positively impact on progress using technology the students are familiar with and with which they already participate in digital society.     

Mobile Tech pretty much falls into the following three categories (Naismith, Lonsdale, Vavouls and Sharples, 2006):

Telecoms: Smartphones

Computing: Tablets Notebooks and Laptops

Digital community: Social media and Apps

What they have in common is versatility. 

Subject content, and its attendant educational discourse, can be untethered from a physical location - the classroom, or lecture theatre - and relocated onto the mobile device (Wylie,2014) . Many millions of educators and students routinely do this. 

Handled well, the benefits are manifold. 

The digitisation of text books and course content material - ebooks like Apple’s iBooks (Apple, 2014) - allows for easy mobile access to print and video media for students. Costs are lower, students and educators can manipulate data and content in a variety of ways, making it more interactive. This promotes inquiry-based learning, with demonstrable results in progress for all kinds of students, and is particularly beneficial for those with learning or behavioural difficulties as Apps designed for their needs proliferate. 

Assessment and feedback routines can be also easily incorporated using customisable educational Apps, (Apple currently has over 75,000 of these.)  

Student productivity can also be boosted. I often hear school students (less so college students) bemoan the fact they must produce their most critical pieces of coursework and examinations by hand, on paper! Google Apps enables students to produce documents, spreadsheets and powerpoints that are created and stored online for free. Sharing results with the educator via email makes for a slick, paperless submission, marking and feedback system (Neilsen,2014).    

It’s fun and engaging.

However, a few caveats must be addressed for this to be fair appraisal of mobile Tech in education.

Individual students and educators have differing levels of digital literacy and equipment. Some subject specialisms lend themselves less towards mobile digitisation than others; practical chemistry on the iPhone anyone? Plagiarism and plain old misuse can also plague these projects, rather like street crime mars our great cities. 

At its centre though, is the student’s direct experience of education and the applicability of that education to the ‘real world’ of work and culture and mobile digital technology is finding universal application in all these areas. 

Apple, 2014. Ipad in education. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/uk/education/ipad/ibooks-textbooks/ Accessed 04 December 2014].

Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G. and Sharples, M., 2006. Report 11: Literature review in mobile technologies and learning.[pdf] Bristol: Futurelab. Available at:http://www2.futurelab.org.uk/resources/documents/lit_reviews/Mobile_Review.pdf Accessed 04 December 2014].

Neilsen, L., 2014. A few of my fav EdTech things in 2014: [online] Available at:< http://theinnovativeeducator.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/fav-five-free-resources-of-2014.html> Accessed 05 December 2014. 

Wylie, J., 2014. Mobile Learning Technologies for 21st Century Classrooms: [online] Available at: http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3754742 [Accessed 04 December 2014]

How technology has changed the way we learn

Technology has had no impact whatsoever on learning. 

Nonsense, right? 

Perhaps a tad overstated but there is a serious point to make here.

The proliferation of digital technologies - manifesting as both consumer Tech and specialist EdTech - in classrooms, lecture theaters, seminar rooms and student bedrooms is undeniable, but is the perceived positive impact of technology on teaching and learning equally self-evident? 

Absolutely not. 

The factors that make for effective teaching and learning environments, (rather like the factors governing productivity in earning environments) are independent of the Tech itself. Technology is only ever ultimately a tool to support - or thwart - core educational activities.  

So what are the core activities of education and how does Tech and EdTech really impact on them? 

The Sutton Trust  according to Coe, Aloisi, Higgins and Major (2014) sums up the six key factors neatly: content knowledge, quality of instruction, classroom climate, classroom behaviour, educator beliefs, professional values. I’d sum this up as something like, The subject knowledge and pedagogical expertise of educators in the cultural context of the learning environment. 

Technology has a greater or lesser part to play in each of these domains.  

The educational modes that underpin learning are fundamentally unchanged since Plato sat upon Socrates’ metaphorical knee and noted down their dialogic investigations into the nature of truth (Knezic, Wubbels and Hajer, 2010); after all, truths written in vegetable inks on papyrus have the same empirical status as HD video streamed over a 3G network. 

The most important question was always, ‘What is the truth?’ 

The truth is, as William Gibson (1999) famously said, “the future is already here, it’s just unevenly distributed.” Technology has a greater or lesser effect on learning depending on how, and whether, it is systematically and effectively applied to each of the learning domains. Sometime it is; often not.  

Take content knowledge. Is it ostensibly, a valuable opportunity to draw on the number-crunching potential of server farms handling petabytes (approximately one thousand terabytes of storage or memory) of enriched data (McKenna, 2014)? 

Perhaps. 

Most educators and students use internet research as their first resort. Google is a verb. However, the vast majority of human knowledge is simply not online, nor ever will be. Also, search engine algorithms are not written, managed and modified for academic use ( McClellan, Jacko, Sainfort and Johnson, 2012); far from it. 

Arguably, the preeminence of the internet search for research - the terms are now effectively coterminous -  has actually narrowed the range and quality of material that educators and students use in building their own content knowledge. Couple that with the disparity in individuals’ digital literacy and you have a method of questionable value.  

Or, consider the learning environment itself. For 10 years, we have seen the growth of VLEs which promote the use of blended learning activities, (these substitute virtual learning environments for real-world ones.) (Henderson, 2014). But how effective are they really? 

Like students, who require expertly differentiated learning experiences for maximum progress, educators are all individuals (Henderson, 2014). The top-down imposition of VLE systems on academic institutions is generally characterised by Gibson’s uneven distribution as individual educators with varying degrees of technological expertise, time and resilience to change struggle to fit their courses into the VLE. 

Shouldn’t it be the other way around?

Technology has changed the ways we learn though not how we learn. Technology is just as, or more, likely to impact on learning negatively as positively.     

Refs:

Coe, R., Aloisi, C., Higgins, S. and Major, L.E., 2014. What makes great teaching? Review of educational research. [pdf] Sutton Trust. Available at: < http://www.suttontrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/What-makes-great-teaching-FINAL-4.11.14.> [Accessed 06 December 2014].

Gibson, W., 1999. The shape of things to come. Interviewed bu Anne Simon [radio] NPR Radio, 30 November 1999, 12:00 AMET

Henderson, B., 2013. What does a petabyte look like? [online] Computerweekly.com. Available at: http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/What-does-a-petabyte-look-like [Accessed 06 December 2014].

Henderson, G., 2014. Learning Platforms: Over 10yrs of VLEs, MLEs, Learning Platforms and still no joy! Thoughts on Education and Technology [blog] 2 November , Available at: < http://educationandtechnology.me/?author=2> [Accessed 06 December 2014].

Knezic, D., Wubbels, T. and Hajer, M., 2010. The Socratic dialogue and teacher education. Teaching and teacher education, 26 (4), pp1104-1111.

McClellan, M.aA., Jacko, J.A., Sainfort, F. and Johnson., 2012. Social networks and social media. In J.A. Jacko, ed. 2012. Human computer interaction handbook: Fundamentals, evolving technologies and emerging applications. Florida: CRC Press. Ch.61